Takemura, Yuki, Maddux & Ohtsubo (2007) examine cultural differences in types of collectivism between Japan and the United States. These authors assert that ‘Japanese are concerned with relationships within ingroups; Americans are concerned with relationships between ingroups and outgroups’ (Takemuri et al, 2007).

Reference:

Takemura, K., Masaki, Y., Maddux, W.M., & Ohtsubo, Y. (2007). Two Types of Collectivism: Intragroup Relationship Orientation in Japan and Intergroup Comparison Orientation in the United States. Refer to URL: [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1021242]